Abstract:The basic theory of Chinese Medicine believes that the heart controls mental activities, while the kidney governs storing essence and manufactures marrow to fill up the brain. Cognitive function of the brain is closely related to the function of heart and kidney. Heart and kidney dysfunction can lead to dementia which is called “daibing” in Chinese Medicine because of brain marrow consumption. Dementia is a cognitive dysfunction in progressive neurodegenerative diseases. We believe that the heart governs the spirts, for wisdom and function（Yong）, and the kidney stores congenital essence, manufactures marrow and serves as the material basis（substantial, Ti）. Stimulating the function of the heart for the spirit and supplementing kidney for essence are the main therapeutic methods for cognitive dysfunction. In the previous study, we find that the famous old Chinese medicine practitioners preferred to Chinese herbal medicine belonging to heart meridian and supplemented by tonifying-kidney drugs. Therefore, from the perspective of substantial and function, combined with physiological pathology and modern medical progress, this paper mainly expounds the relationship between the kidney and heart functions and cognition, in order to provide more ideas for clinical treatment of cognitive dysfunction.