Abstract:High myopia is a highly population-specific and genetically heterogeneous eye disease for which there is no effective treatment. Myopia is more prevalent and severe in east Asians, especially in China. Prevention and control of myopia and preclinical myopia can help prevent its progression to high myopia. Therefore, numerous studies on molecular genetics and environmental factors have been conducted to identify genes associated with high myopia in order to establish a polygenic risk assessment for myopia and to elucidate the pathogenesis and pathway mechanisms. This paper will discuss the recent advances in genetic loci, risk factors, and myopia prevention and control tools based on modern medicine and molecular genetics for high myopia-related genes.